Monitoring drug safety after market release.

• A. New Drug Application (NDA)
• B. Post-Marketing Surveillance
• C. Investigational New Drug (IND)
• D. Phase 3 clinical trials

Answer: (B)

Post-marketing surveillance is the process of monitoring drug safety after it has been released to the market. This involves collecting reports of adverse events, evaluating potential safety signals, and using that information to make ongoing risk–benefit assessments. The goal is to detect rare or long-term side effects that might not have shown up in pre-approval trials, which are limited in size and duration. When new safety concerns arise, actions such as updating labeling, restricting use, implementing risk mitigation strategies, or even withdrawing the product can be taken.

The other terms refer to earlier phases in the drug development process: the plan and documentation submitted to obtain authorization to market a drug, including evidence of safety and efficacy; a submission to start human testing; and large-scale trials conducted before approval to assess safety and effectiveness.